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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns
09:42

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Development of cortical responses to optic flow.

Rick O Gilmore1, C Hou, M W Pettet

  • 1Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. rogilmore@psu.edu

Visual Neuroscience
|December 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infants

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Humans can distinguish approaching from receding objects soon after birth.
  • Optic flow, related to self-motion, may activate specific brain networks like the human MT+ complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate brain activity distinguishing radial motion from other optic flow patterns.
  • To compare responses in adults and 4-6 month-old infants using steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs).

Main Methods:

  • Recorded ssVEPs in adults and infants viewing direction-reversing optic flow patterns.
  • Analyzed time and frequency domain responses to radial, translational, and rotational flow.
  • Examined lateral channels (PO7, PO8) and expansion/contraction asymmetry.

Main Results:

  • Adults showed distinct brain responses to radial flow, especially in lateral channels, with an expansion/contraction asymmetry.
  • Infants displayed equivalent waveforms for all flow types, lacking the expansion/contraction asymmetry.
  • Infant responses were strongest and most reliable for translational motion patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Early visual motion processing in infants favors simpler, uniform motion detection.
  • More complex motion perception, like distinguishing expansion from contraction, develops later.
  • This suggests a prolonged postnatal development of motion processing systems.