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Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Plasticity

Plasticity

Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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If over time, all...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity

Published on: May 18, 2020

The back and forth of dendritic plasticity.

Stephen R Williams¹, Christian Wozny, Simon J Mitchell

¹MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. srw@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk <srw@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk>

|December 21, 2007

Summary

Hebbian plasticity, crucial for learning, can occur without neuronal output. Dendritic architecture and electrical properties regulate this associative synaptic plasticity in central neurons.

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3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cellular Neuroscience
Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

Synapses are distributed across the complex dendritic trees of central neurons.
Hebbian plasticity models traditionally link synaptic potentiation to temporal association between input and neuronal output.
Active dendritic spiking mechanisms have recently been shown to influence this temporal association.

Discussion:

This review explores novel findings indicating that associative synaptic plasticity can be induced independently of neuronal output.
It highlights the critical role of the interplay between neuronal architecture and the dendritic tree's active electrical properties.
This challenges traditional Hebbian models by demonstrating plasticity mechanisms operating at the dendritic level.

Key Insights:

Associative synaptic plasticity is not solely dependent on postsynaptic neuronal output.
Dendritic morphology and active electrical properties are key regulators of synaptic plasticity.
New mechanisms for Hebbian plasticity are uncovered within the dendritic tree.

Outlook:

Future research should focus on dissecting the precise molecular and biophysical mechanisms underlying output-independent plasticity.
Investigating how variations in dendritic architecture across different neuron types influence plasticity is crucial.
Understanding these dendritic mechanisms could offer new therapeutic targets for neurological disorders involving synaptic dysfunction.