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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Atypical subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: case report.

Marcelo Maroco Cruzeiro1, Thiago Cardoso Vale, Leopoldo Antônio Pires

  • 1Neurology Service, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Avenida Rio Branco 2370/802, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. mmaroco@terra.com.br

Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria
|December 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, fatal brain disorder linked to measles virus. This report details an atypical, rapidly progressing case in a vaccinated 8-year-old boy, highlighting diagnostic challenges.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive, fatal central nervous system inflammatory disease.
  • SSPE is associated with persistent measles virus infection and lacks effective treatments.
  • Measles vaccination is typically protective against SSPE.

Observation:

  • A previously immunized 8-year-old boy presented with atypical SSPE features.
  • The patient experienced seizures at the onset of the illness.
  • The SSPE case followed a fulminant clinical course.

Findings:

  • This case demonstrates SSPE occurring despite prior measles immunization.
  • Atypical presentation with seizures at onset challenges typical SSPE diagnosis.
  • The rapid progression indicates a severe form of the disease.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the possibility of SSPE in vaccinated individuals, necessitating broader diagnostic considerations.
  • Understanding atypical SSPE presentations is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.
  • Further research into measles virus persistence and host immune responses in vaccinated individuals is warranted.