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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Causes of Social Behavior III: Biological and Environmental Influences01:28

Causes of Social Behavior III: Biological and Environmental Influences

Social behavior is a complex phenomenon that arises from the interaction between biological predispositions and environmental influences. This intricate interplay shapes how individuals think, feel, and act in various social contexts. Understanding these mechanisms requires insights from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, and evolutionary theory.Environmental Influences on Social BehaviorEnvironmental factors, including temperature, odors, and visual stimuli, play a crucial role in shaping...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...

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Related Experiment Video

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Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain
13:11

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Published on: July 12, 2012

The social environment and the epigenome.

Moshe Szyf1, Patrick McGowan, Michael J Meaney

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, and Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada. moshe.szyf@mcgill.ca

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
|December 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mechanism, is dynamic throughout life, not just during development. Early-life social environment and later-life exposures can shape epigenetic programming, influencing behavior and disease risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The epigenome, including DNA methylation and chromatin structure, programs the genome.
  • DNA methylation patterns were traditionally considered stable after birth in somatic tissues.
  • Emerging evidence indicates DNA methylation is dynamic in postmitotic cells like neurons throughout life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To hypothesize a mechanism linking early-life social environment to long-term epigenetic programming.
  • To explore the dynamic nature of epigenetic equilibrium throughout life.
  • To investigate the role of environmental triggers in interindividual behavioral differences and late-onset diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent data on DNA methylation dynamics in postmitotic cells.
  • Hypothetical modeling of environmental influences on epigenetic programming.
  • Discussion of potential mechanisms linking environmental exposures to disease.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation in neurons is potentially responsive to environmental stimuli throughout life.
  • Early-life experiences may lead to long-term epigenetic programming of behavior and stress response.
  • Environmental toxins may alter epigenetic programs, contributing to late-onset diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic programming is not fixed at birth and remains responsive to environmental factors throughout life.
  • The social environment and toxins can significantly impact long-term health and behavior via epigenetic modifications.
  • Understanding epigenetic plasticity is crucial for addressing interindividual differences in health and disease.