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Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

Diabetes and vascular disease.

Prakash Deedwania¹, Sundararajan Srikanth

¹Department of Medicine, VACCHCS/UMC, UCSF Program at Fresno, 2615 E Clinton Ave, Fresno, CA 93703, USA. deed@fresno.ucsf.edu

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

|December 22, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes significantly increases cardiovascular risk due to metabolic issues like hyperglycemia. Comprehensive risk reduction, including lifestyle changes and managing blood sugar, lipids, and pressure, is crucial for preventing vascular disease.

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Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

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Published on: March 20, 2017

Laser Doppler: A Tool for Measuring Pancreatic Islet Microvascular Vasomotion In Vivo

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Published on: March 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Cardiovascular Medicine
Metabolic Syndrome

Background:

Type 2 diabetes is a global epidemic, considered a coronary heart disease equivalent.
Diabetes involves hyperglycemia and metabolic dysregulation, increasing oxidative stress and activating the renin-angiotensin system.
These factors contribute to endothelial dysfunction and systemic atherosclerosis, elevating cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence and rationale for comprehensive risk reduction strategies.
To discuss preventing and treating vascular disease in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
To highlight key components of a risk reduction approach.

Main Methods:

Literature review of evidence on vascular disease in diabetes.
Discussion of pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes to atherosclerosis.
Analysis of comprehensive risk reduction components.

Main Results:

Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to increased cardiovascular risk and mortality.
Metabolic abnormalities in diabetes promote oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.
Comprehensive risk reduction is essential for managing vascular complications.

Conclusions:

Effective management of type 2 diabetes requires a multifaceted approach to cardiovascular risk.
Key strategies include lifestyle modifications, glycemic control, dyslipidemia management, and hypertension control.
Aggressive risk factor management is vital to mitigate the vascular burden of diabetes.