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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Optimized Minimally Invasive Transscleral Subretinal Injection Technique in Mouse
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Optimized Minimally Invasive Transscleral Subretinal Injection Technique in Mouse

Published on: July 25, 2025

Sustained transscleral drug delivery.

Victor H Barocas1, Ram K Balachandran

  • 1Department of Biomedical, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. baroc001@umn.edu

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|December 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Transscleral drug delivery offers a promising, less invasive way to treat posterior eye diseases. Further research is needed to overcome challenges in drug penetration and formulation for effective treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Drug Delivery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Transscleral drug delivery is a developing method for reaching the posterior eye.
  • It aims to combine the non-invasiveness of eye drops with the efficiency of intravitreal injections.
  • Significant challenges impede its widespread clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on transscleral drug delivery.
  • To highlight key challenges, including scleral resistance and retinal pigment epithelium penetration.
  • To discuss the impact of drug chemistry on delivery efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of transscleral delivery research.
  • Analysis of factors affecting drug transport across ocular tissues.

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Transpupillary-Guided Trans-Scleral Transplantation of Subretinal Grafts in a Retinal Degeneration Mouse Model
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Transpupillary-Guided Trans-Scleral Transplantation of Subretinal Grafts in a Retinal Degeneration Mouse Model

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Transpupillary-Guided Trans-Scleral Transplantation of Subretinal Grafts in a Retinal Degeneration Mouse Model
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  • Identification of knowledge gaps and future research directions.

    • Main Results:

    • Scleral resistance is well-characterized, but penetration through other tissues like the retinal pigment epithelium requires more investigation.
    • The influence of drug physicochemical properties on transscleral delivery efficiency is not fully understood.
    • Current research identifies several hurdles for successful transscleral drug delivery.

    Conclusions:

    • Transscleral delivery holds significant potential for treating posterior eye conditions.
    • Addressing challenges in tissue penetration and understanding drug-retention interactions are critical.
    • Further research is essential to optimize transscleral drug delivery for clinical use.