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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

Sarah M Kranick1, John E Duda

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Neuro-Signals
|December 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction, or loss of smell, is an early sign of Parkinson

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibits non-motor symptoms preceding motor deficits.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is an early neurodegenerative manifestation in PD.
  • Lewy body pathology affects the olfactory system early in PD progression, as per Braak staging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize olfactory dysfunction as a potential biomarker for preclinical Parkinson's disease.
  • To identify individuals at risk for developing disabling PD symptoms for neuroprotective trials.
  • To explore the utility of olfactory decline in diagnosing PD and monitoring disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical assessment of olfactory function using validated techniques.
  • Analysis of neuropathologic staging (Braak staging) in relation to olfactory system pathology.
  • Evaluation of olfactory decline in at-risk patient populations.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is an early and common sign in Parkinson's disease.
  • Loss of smell can aid in differentiating idiopathic PD from other parkinsonian syndromes.
  • Decline in olfaction is observable in specific at-risk individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction serves as a valuable early biomarker for Parkinson's disease diagnosis.
  • Olfactory testing can identify individuals for clinical trials targeting preclinical PD.
  • Olfactory function decline may serve as a medication-independent biomarker for tracking PD progression.