Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Wild canids and felids differ in their reliance on reused travel routeways.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Same author

Using wild-animal tracking for detecting and managing disease outbreaks.

Trends in ecology & evolution·2025

Same author

Social, environmental, and developmental factors affect the microbiota of barn owls (Tyto alba) in a cross-fostering experiment.

Animal microbiome·2024

Same author

The statistical building blocks of animal movement simulations.

Movement ecology·2024

Same author

Mammals show faster recovery from capture and tagging in human-disturbed landscapes.

Nature communications·2024

Same author

Cranes soar on thermal updrafts behind cold fronts as they migrate across the sea.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

HIV dynamics and immunosenescence.

¹Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.

AIDS (London, England)

|December 22, 2007

Summary

This study enhances HIV viral dynamics models by incorporating immunosenescence, simulating the progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The improved model explains age-related decreases in time to AIDS, aiding intervention design.

Area of Science:

Mathematical modeling
Immunology
Virology

Background:

Existing HIV viral dynamics models use three differential equations to describe virion and immune cell levels during acute and chronic infections.
These models do not fully capture the progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance existing in-vivo HIV viral dynamics models by incorporating immunosenescence.
To simulate the progression to full-blown AIDS and its relationship with age at infection.

Main Methods:

Developed a mathematical model by adding a fourth differential equation to existing models.
The fourth equation simulates immunosenescence via the depletion of a stem-cell reservoir.

Main Results:

More Related Videos

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Published on: January 5, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Published on: January 5, 2016

The enhanced model successfully incorporates the phase of full-blown AIDS.
The model demonstrates that time to AIDS decreases with increasing age at infection.
This improved model offers greater utility for designing HIV interventions.

Conclusions:

The inclusion of immunosenescence in HIV models is crucial for accurately simulating disease progression to AIDS.
The model provides a valuable tool for understanding age-dependent AIDS progression and optimizing intervention strategies.