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Retarders

Retarders

Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...

Air-entraining Agents

Air-entraining Agents

Air-entraining agents improve the durability and workability of concrete in climates with frequent freezing and thawing. These agents prevent cracks by introducing small air bubbles into the mix, creating spaces accommodating water expansion when temperatures drop. The air-entraining agents lower the surface tension of water, forming stable, small air bubbles. This method is more effective than having accidental large voids, as the intentional, smaller, and evenly distributed air voids improve...

Surface Active Agents

Surface Active Agents

Surfactants, named for their behavior at interfaces, positively adsorb at the interfaces of two phases, reducing interfacial tension. Their versatility as emulsifiers, detergents, and foaming agents stems from this ability. Surfactants, often termed amphiphiles, share the property of amphipathy, with molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. The hydrophilic part is called the head, and the hydrophobic part, including an elongated alkyl substituent, forms the tail.Surfactants...

Plasticizers

Plasticizers

Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...

Accelerators

Accelerators

Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
The effectiveness of calcium chloride can...

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Facile and Efficient Preparation of Tri-component Fluorescent Glycopolymers via RAFT-controlled Polymerization

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Published on: June 19, 2015

Raft-forming agents: antireflux formulations.

Chhanda J Kapadia¹, Vidya B Mane

¹Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, India. chhandakapadia@rediffmail.com

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy

|December 22, 2007

Summary

Raft-forming formulations using natural polysaccharides show promise for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). These natural alternatives offer potential advantages over conventional therapies for uncomplicated GERD.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Pharmaceutics
Natural Product Chemistry

Background:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) stems from excessive reflux and impaired esophageal clearance.
Conventional therapies exist, but natural product-based solutions are gaining traction.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore raft-forming antireflux formulations as alternatives for uncomplicated GERD.
To highlight the potential of natural polysaccharides in GERD treatment.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on GERD treatments.
Focus on alginate-based and other natural polysaccharide raft-forming systems.
Discussion of bioadhesive and mucoprotective properties.

Main Results:

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Raft-forming formulations, particularly those using natural polysaccharides, present a viable alternative to conventional GERD therapies.
These natural agents possess beneficial bioadhesive and mucoprotective characteristics.

Conclusions:

Natural polysaccharide-based raft-forming agents are promising for uncomplicated GERD treatment.
Further research and development of in vitro-in vivo correlation methods are needed for these natural products.