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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Symmetry Elements in a Crystal01:27

Symmetry Elements in a Crystal

Crystal symmetry operations are isometric transformations that map objects onto indistinguishable copies while preserving distances, angles, and volumes. The simplest symmetry operation is translation, which shifts the entire infinite crystal lattice parallelly by a translation vector.Crystallographic rotations involve rotations by an angle of 2π/n around an axis without changing the positions of points on the axis. It is called the rotational axis of the symmetry, denoted by n. The combination...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...

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On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
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Fascinating quasicrystals.

Walter Steurer1, Sofia Deloudi

  • 1Laboratory of Crystallography, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. steurer@mat.ethz.ch

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography
|December 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quasicrystals, a novel state of matter, were discovered over 25 years ago. This review explores their formation, stability, structure, and observed symmetries, addressing lingering questions in quasicrystal science.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • The discovery of quasicrystals, materials with icosahedral symmetry, challenged established crystallographic laws.
  • Initial skepticism delayed the publication and acceptance of this novel ordering of matter.
  • Despite widespread acceptance, fundamental aspects of quasicrystals remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of quasicrystal formation, growth, and stability.
  • To discuss the structural characteristics and the degree of quasiperiodicity in quasicrystals.
  • To address the open question regarding the observed rotational symmetries in experimentally found quasicrystals.

Main Methods:

  • This article is a review, synthesizing existing research and theoretical frameworks.
  • It analyzes experimental observations and crystallographic data related to quasicrystals.
  • The review discusses theoretical models addressing quasicrystal structure and properties.

Main Results:

  • The existence of quasicrystals is firmly established, representing a new state of matter.
  • Key factors influencing quasicrystal formation, growth, and stability are still under investigation.
  • The precise nature of quasicrystal structure (strict vs. average quasiperiodicity) and symmetry limitations require further clarification.

Conclusions:

  • Quasicrystals represent a significant paradigm shift in materials science.
  • Further research is essential to fully elucidate the complex factors governing quasicrystals.
  • Understanding the underlying principles of quasicrystal formation and structure is crucial for future applications.