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The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Continuous Charge Distributions01:17

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
The electric charge can also be subjected to an analogical...
Charge and Current01:14

Charge and Current

Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
Charge is an inherent property of the atomic particles that make up matter and is measured in units called coulombs (C). Matter is composed of atoms, each consisting of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge (-e), while protons...
Formal Charges02:42

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.
Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow01:24

Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

The fast decoupled power flow method addresses contingencies in power system operations, such as generator outages or transmission line failures. This method provides quick power flow solutions, essential for real-time system adjustments. Fast decoupled power flow algorithms simplify the Jacobian matrix by neglecting certain elements, leading to two sets of decoupled equations:
Charging Conductors By Induction01:15

Charging Conductors By Induction

The Earth is a good conductor of electricity, and it is so big that it can be considered an infinite source or sink of charges. It can easily exchange charges with any matter.
Generally, conductors like metals do not allow any excess charge to be present on them. Any excess charge added to metals easily flows away, for example, when a metal is placed on the Earth. This process is called earthing.
However, conductors can be charged by a process called induction. For example, consider charging a...

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Volumic omit maps in ab initio dual-space phasing.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies
08:21

Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies

Published on: March 20, 2015

The charge flipping algorithm.

Gábor Oszlányi1, András Süto

  • 1Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. go@szfki.hu

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography
|December 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Charge flipping, an ab initio structure determination algorithm, offers a novel approach distinct from classical methods. This method successfully solves structures for various crystals using diverse diffraction data, presenting a promising alternative.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies
08:21

Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies

Published on: March 20, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Classical direct methods for ab initio structure determination rely on atomicity assumptions.
  • A novel algorithm, charge flipping, has emerged as a powerful tool for structure solution.
  • Understanding its principles and applications is crucial for advancing crystallographic techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current state and capabilities of the charge flipping algorithm.
  • To highlight its unique working principle based on electron density perturbation.
  • To explore its potential as an alternative to established direct methods in structure determination.

Main Methods:

  • The charge flipping algorithm operates by perturbing plateaus of low electron density, not directly on atomicity.
  • It has been successfully applied to periodic and aperiodic crystals.
  • Data utilized include single-crystal and powder diffraction, with both X-ray and neutron radiation.

Main Results:

  • Successful structure solutions have been achieved for a wide range of crystalline materials.
  • The algorithm demonstrates versatility across different data types and radiation sources.
  • Algorithmic improvements, solution identification, and data requirements have been investigated.

Conclusions:

  • Charge flipping represents a significant advancement in ab initio structure determination.
  • Its distinct methodology offers complementary applications to existing direct methods.
  • The algorithm shows considerable promise as a future alternative in the field of crystallography.