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Related Concept Videos

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation. For...
Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview01:28

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview

The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic symptoms in all...
Schizophrenia01:17

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those diagnosed.
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
09:29

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Published on: January 9, 2015

[Refractory schizophrenia].

Helio Elkis1, Herbert Y Meltzer

  • 1Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. helkis@usp.br

Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)
|December 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clozapine monotherapy is the primary treatment for refractory schizophrenia, a condition impacting over a third of patients. Combining antipsychotics offers no additional benefit over placebo for treatment resistance.

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Published on: September 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Refractory schizophrenia affects a significant portion of patients, posing treatment challenges.
  • Understanding its clinical and psychobiological aspects is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review refractory schizophrenia.
  • To explore definitions, clinical features, and treatment strategies.
  • To identify predictors of treatment response.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review using Medline database.
  • Inclusion of authors' relevant articles.

Main Results:

  • Refractory schizophrenia impacts at least one-third of schizophrenia patients.
  • Clozapine monotherapy is the most evidence-based treatment.
  • Antipsychotic polypharmacy is not supported by current evidence.

Conclusions:

  • Clozapine monotherapy remains the cornerstone for treating refractory schizophrenia.
  • Augmentation with additional antipsychotics shows no benefit over placebo.
  • Further research into optimizing refractory schizophrenia treatment is warranted.