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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Chronic hepatitis B infection in Canada.

G Y Minuk1, J Uhanova

  • 1Glaxo Wellcome/Bio Chem Pharma Hepatitis B Care Unit, Liver Diseases Unit, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. gminuk@cc.umanitoba.ca

The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases = Journal Canadien Des Maladies Infectieuses
|December 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is prevalent in Canada, particularly among high-risk groups. Enhanced awareness, antiviral therapy, and vaccination are crucial for public health.

Keywords:
CanadaEpidemiologyHepatitisHepatitis BHepatitis B virusLiverLiver disease

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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Recent advancements in hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment and prevention necessitate updated epidemiological data.
  • Understanding HBV prevalence and risk factors in Canada is essential for effective public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in Canada.
  • To identify Canadian subpopulations with the highest HBV prevalence.
  • To assess the proportion of infected individuals with active viral replication and eligibility for antiviral therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing epidemiological data on HBV infection rates in Canada.
  • Comparison of prevalence rates between the general population and high-risk groups (street-connected individuals, Aboriginals, immigrants from endemic areas).

Main Results:

  • Overall HBV infection prevalence in Canada is approximately 2%, with 5-10% showing serological evidence of past infection.
  • High-risk groups exhibit 2-10 times higher prevalence of HBV infection and 5-10 times higher rates of past infection compared to the general population.
  • Eligibility for antiviral therapy varies significantly, from <1% in infected Aboriginals to 15-30% in Asians with chronic HBV.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic HBV infection remains a significant public health concern in Canada.
  • Targeted interventions are needed for high-risk populations.
  • Continued efforts in awareness, antiviral therapy, and universal vaccination are vital for controlling HBV.