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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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High numerical aperture tabletop soft x-ray diffraction microscopy with 70-nm resolution.

Richard L Sandberg1, Changyong Song, Przemyslaw W Wachulak

  • 1Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 29, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new soft x-ray diffraction microscope achieves 70-90 nm resolution, surpassing optical limits. This versatile tool offers significant advancements for biology, nanoscience, and materials science imaging.

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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
11:27

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

Published on: December 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Optics and Imaging Science
  • Nanoscience and Materials Science
  • Biological Imaging

Background:

  • Optical microscopy resolution is limited to ~200 nm by the wavelength of light.
  • Advanced techniques like super-resolution microscopy exist but are often specialized.
  • A need for higher resolution, versatile imaging tools persists across scientific disciplines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a versatile soft x-ray diffraction microscope.
  • To achieve resolutions beyond the diffraction limit of light microscopy.
  • To provide a scalable imaging solution for nanoscience and biology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two tabletop coherent soft x-ray sources: a soft x-ray laser and a high-harmonic source.
  • Implemented field curvature correction for high numerical aperture imaging.
  • Achieved near-diffraction-limited resolution of 1.5 lambda.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a soft x-ray diffraction microscope with 70- to 90-nm resolution.
  • The microscope utilizes a simple optical design.
  • Enabled high numerical aperture imaging with excellent resolution.

Conclusions:

  • The developed tabletop soft x-ray diffraction microscope offers significant advantages over conventional light microscopy.
  • Its high resolution, 3D imaging capability, and scalability make it suitable for broad applications.
  • Potential applications span biology, nanoscience, and materials science, benefiting from its simple design and ultrafast temporal resolution.