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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Complex selection on intron size in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Stephanie S Hughes1, Cedric O Buckley, Daniel E Neafsey

  • 1Microbial Analysis Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|January 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Mutation and selection influence fungal intron size in Cryptococcus neoformans. Long and short introns are in disequilibrium, with varying pressures on different intron types.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Intron size variation is a key evolutionary question.
  • Fungal genomes, particularly Cryptococcus neoformans, exhibit unique intron characteristics.
  • Understanding mutation and selection's role is crucial for explaining intron size diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of mutation and selection on intron size evolution in Cryptococcus neoformans.
  • To determine if intron size is under selective pressure and how this pressure varies across different intron locations.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analysis of mutation rates (insertion and deletion).
  • Correlation analysis between intron length and mutation rates.
  • Examination of intron length in relation to gene regions (UTR, coding) and intron position (first, internal, last).
  • Analysis of the relationship between d(N) (a measure of selection) and intron length.

Main Results:

  • Deletion rate positively correlates with intron length; insertion rate shows a weak negative association.
  • Long and short introns are in mutation-selection disequilibrium.
  • Untranslated region introns and first introns are longer than coding-region and subsequent introns, respectively.
  • A positive correlation exists between d(N) and terminal intron length, contrasting with a negative correlation for internal introns.

Conclusions:

  • Intron size in Cryptococcus neoformans is shaped by both mutation and selection.
  • Selective pressures on intron size appear to be heterogeneous, differing between terminal and internal introns.
  • Non-coding sequences, including introns, are under widespread selective constraint, influencing genome evolution.