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Related Concept Videos

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...
Renal Drug Clearance: Overview01:06

Renal Drug Clearance: Overview

Renal clearance is a crucial parameter in pharmacokinetics that quantifies the rate at which the kidneys excrete a drug. It represents a constant fraction of the central volume of distribution containing the drug that the kidney eliminates per unit of time.
Renal clearance can be calculated using different methods. One approach is to divide the urinary drug excretion rate by the plasma drug concentration. This method directly measures renal clearance, indicating the kidneys' efficiency in...
Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion01:15

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion

Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way into the peritubular capillaries in the proximal tubule. A variety of carriers play a pivotal role in actively secreting drugs from these peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. The organic anion transporter transfers acidic drugs, against an electrochemical gradient, from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule cells and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

Urine drug screening: practical guide for clinicians.

Karen E Moeller1, Kelly C Lee, Julie C Kissack

  • 1University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-7231, USA. kmoeller@kumc.edu

Mayo Clinic Proceedings
|January 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Urine drug screens using immunoassays are common but can produce inaccurate results. Confirmation with secondary analysis is crucial to avoid serious consequences from false positives or negatives.

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High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

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CRISPR-Cas-mediated Multianalyte Synthetic Urine Biomarker Test for Portable Diagnostics
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CRISPR-Cas-mediated Multianalyte Synthetic Urine Biomarker Test for Portable Diagnostics

Published on: December 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Urine drug testing is prevalent in healthcare, workplace, and legal contexts.
  • Immunoassays are widely used for drug screening due to ease of sampling and rapid results.
  • Limitations of immunoassays necessitate confirmation of results to ensure accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss potential false-positive and false-negative results in urine drug immunoassays.
  • To highlight common pitfalls in urine drug testing, including sample adulteration.
  • To provide pragmatic strategies for minimizing misinterpretation of drug screen results.

Main Methods:

  • Review of potential sources of error in urine drug immunoassays.
  • Discussion of specific drug classes: amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, phencyclidine, alcohol, benzodiazepines, and tricyclic antidepressants.
  • Examination of sample integrity issues like adulteration, substitution, and dilution.

Main Results:

  • Immunoassays can yield false-positive and false-negative results for various substances.
  • Sample manipulation techniques can interfere with accurate drug detection.
  • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a key secondary analysis for confirmation.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate interpretation of urine drug screens requires awareness of immunoassay limitations.
  • Secondary confirmatory testing is essential to validate immunoassay results.
  • Understanding potential pitfalls can mitigate risks associated with urine drug testing.