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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Association Between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Association Between Sleep Quality and Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: April 26, 2024

The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: on using a student-based scoring program for a clinical sample.

Mattias Desmet¹, Stijn Vanheule, Reitske Meganck

¹University of Ghent, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, H. Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Mattias.Desmet@UGent.be

Psychological Reports

|January 8, 2008

Summary

The original scoring of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) in clinical samples is unreliable. A new clinical scoring program showed different associations with depression symptoms than the student-based program.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Psychometrics

Background:

The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) is widely used in clinical and nonclinical research.
Current scoring relies on a student sample's factor solution, assuming similarity with clinical samples.
This assumption has remained untested for nearly 30 years.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate an alternative DEQ scoring program based on a clinical sample.
To compare the associations of the clinical scoring program with depressive symptoms and interpersonal problems against the original student-based program.

Main Methods:

A new scoring program was created using factor analysis from a clinical sample (N=400).
The study assessed associations between scores from the new clinical program and the original student-based program with various depressive symptoms and interpersonal problems.

Main Results:

Results were inconsistent with the assumption that student-based scoring is equivalent in clinical samples.
The clinical scoring program demonstrated different associations with depressive symptoms and interpersonal problems compared to the student-based program.
The findings suggest the student-based DEQ scoring program is not supported for use in clinical samples.

Conclusions:

The use of a student-derived scoring program for the DEQ in clinical samples is not supported.
The study highlights potential issues with current standards for assessing factorial similarity in confirmatory factor analysis.
A clinically-derived scoring method for the DEQ is recommended for accurate research in clinical populations.