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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia.

Dario Giugliano1, Antonio Ceriello, Katherine Esposito

  • 1Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, University of Naples SUN, Italy. dario.giugliano@unina2.it

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|January 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Managing type 2 diabetes requires controlling both average blood sugar (HbA1c) and glucose spikes after meals. Focusing on postmeal glucose is crucial for preventing long-term diabetic complications.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes involves islet dysfunction and insulin resistance, leading to hyperglycemia.
  • Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects long-term glycemia and correlates with vascular complications, guiding treatment goals (<7%).
  • HbA1c alone doesn't capture glucose variability, missing frequent postprandial hyperglycemia even with good metabolic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of postmeal glucose control in diabetes management.
  • To emphasize that reducing postmeal glucose excursions is as vital as controlling fasting glucose.
  • To underscore the link between postprandial hyperglycemia and vascular outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of prospective clinical studies and interventional trials.

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Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes
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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
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Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes

Published on: June 25, 2017

  • Analysis of the relationship between glycemia measures (HbA1c, fasting glucose, postmeal glucose) and diabetic complications.
  • Examination of the impact of compounds targeting postprandial glucose regulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Postprandial hyperglycemia is common and linked to vascular complications.
    • Reducing postmeal glucose excursions improves pathways involved in diabetic complications, such as oxidative stress and inflammation.
    • Effective diabetes therapy requires optimizing HbA1c, fasting glucose, and postmeal glucose peaks.

    Conclusions:

    • Controlling postmeal glucose excursions is critical for preventing microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes.
    • Therapeutic strategies should aim for near-normal glycemic control across HbA1c, fasting, and postmeal glucose levels.
    • Targeting postprandial glucose regulation offers significant benefits for managing diabetic complications.