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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

Therapeutic Index

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The therapeutic index of a drug is a key parameter in pharmacology that quantifies the relative safety of a drug by calculating the ratio between the dose that causes toxicity in half the population (50%) to the dose that proves to be effective for half the population (50%). It provides a spectrum of doses for a particular drug ranging from effective to potentially toxic. To illustrate, consider an anticoagulant agent like warfarin. It possesses a narrow window within its therapeutic index to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

The glycemic index concept in action.

Helen L Mitchell¹

¹Danisco Sweeteners Ltd, Surrey, United Kingdom. N11elb@aol.com

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

|January 8, 2008

Summary

The food industry uses the glycemic concept to differentiate products, with the glycemic index (GI) being a key labeling tool. Consumer awareness of GI varies globally, impacting adoption of healthier food choices.

Area of Science:

Nutritional Science
Food Industry Analysis
Consumer Behavior

Background:

The glycemic concept is increasingly utilized by the food industry for product differentiation.
Consumer understanding and adoption of glycemic information significantly influence market trends.
Global regulatory approaches to glycemic labeling vary, impacting product accessibility and consumer choice.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the food manufacturing industry's application of the glycemic concept.
To assess global consumer perception and understanding of glycemic information.
To analyze international regulatory frameworks and labeling implications for glycemic content.

Main Methods:

Review of current food industry practices regarding glycemic labeling.

More Related Videos

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

Published on: November 13, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

Published on: November 13, 2016

Analysis of consumer awareness and acceptance of the glycemic index (GI) globally.

Comparative study of regulatory provisions and labeling initiatives across different countries.

Main Results:

The glycemic index (GI) is the most prevalent form of glycemic labeling in the market.
Consumer awareness of GI is highest in markets with long-term exposure, such as Australia.
Global consumer awareness and adoption of the glycemic concept show considerable variation.

Conclusions:

The food industry leverages the glycemic concept for market positioning, with GI labeling being prominent.
Consumer understanding and willingness to adopt foods based on glycemic benefits are key factors for success.
Addressing specific aspects is crucial for long-term consumer benefit from the glycemic concept.