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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells
09:29

Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells

Published on: March 5, 2019

Resistant hypertension and aldosteronism.

Eduardo Pimenta1, David A Calhoun

  • 1Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 933 19th Street South, Room 115, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. eduardo.pimenta@ccc.uab.edu

Current Hypertension Reports
|January 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Resistant hypertension, uncontrolled blood pressure despite medication, is increasingly common. Screening for secondary causes like hyperaldosteronism and adding spironolactone can significantly lower blood pressure.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells
09:29

Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells

Published on: March 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Resistant hypertension (RH) affects a growing population due to factors like obesity and aging.
  • It is defined as uncontrolled blood pressure despite three or more antihypertensive drugs.
  • Identifying secondary causes is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evaluation and management of resistant hypertension.
  • To highlight hyperaldosteronism as a common secondary cause.
  • To discuss the role of spironolactone in treating RH.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on resistant hypertension.
  • Focus on diagnostic approaches for secondary causes.
  • Analysis of treatment strategies, including multidrug regimens and spironolactone.

Main Results:

  • Hyperaldosteronism is the most frequent secondary cause of RH.
  • Screening with plasma aldosterone-renin ratio is recommended for all RH patients.
  • Spironolactone addition to standard therapy significantly reduces blood pressure.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive evaluation for secondary causes is essential in resistant hypertension.
  • Early screening for hyperaldosteronism improves patient outcomes.
  • Spironolactone offers a valuable therapeutic option for resistant hypertension management.