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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
08:07

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Published on: November 23, 2019

Trail Making Test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia.

Lee Ashendorf1, Angela L Jefferson, Maureen K O'Connor

  • 1Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States.

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists
|January 8, 2008
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Summary

This study provides normative data for the Trail Making Test (TMT) in older adults. TMT B time and errors are valuable for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychology
  • Gerontology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a widely used neuropsychological assessment.
  • Establishing normative data is crucial for accurate interpretation of TMT performance in older adults.
  • Understanding TMT performance in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression is essential for early diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative data for TMT completion time and error rates in cognitively normal older adults.
  • To evaluate the utility of TMT time and error scores in differentiating between normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD.
  • To assess the diagnostic accuracy of TMT for pre-clinical and clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 526 individuals was recruited and categorized into three groups: normal controls (N=269), MCI (N=200), and AD (N=57).
  • Participants completed Trail Making Test A and B.
  • Performance was analyzed based on completion time and error rates for each diagnostic group.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in TMT A and B completion times were observed across the three diagnostic groups.
  • TMT B error rates also differed significantly among normal controls, MCI, and AD groups.
  • The study detailed the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for various TMT score combinations in diagnostic classification.

Conclusions:

  • Both TMT B completion time and error rates are independently significant indicators.
  • These TMT metrics possess clinical utility in the assessment of individuals undergoing dementia evaluation.
  • The findings support the use of TMT in identifying and differentiating cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease.