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Related Concept Videos

Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Microbes in the Production of Fermented Foods01:27

Microbes in the Production of Fermented Foods

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and molds are instrumental in fermenting plant-based foods to enhance preservation and ensure year-round availability. These microbial processes convert plant carbohydrates into organic acids and other metabolites that inhibit spoilage organisms and contribute to the sensory qualities of the final product.In sauerkraut production, cabbage goes through a microbial succession that starts with cocci such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. These microbes begin fermentation by...
Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods
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Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods

Published on: September 10, 2016

Probiotics in the United States.

Jon A Vanderhoof1, Rosemary Young

  • 1Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|January 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Probiotics offer health benefits, but are often used for unproven conditions. Clarifying regulatory issues and considering safety are crucial for proper probiotic use in the United States.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Probiotics are live microorganisms conferring health benefits.
  • Validated uses exist, but many applications lack scientific evidence.
  • Probiotic use and understanding are rapidly expanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current probiotic uses in the United States.
  • To examine the regulatory landscape of probiotics.
  • To highlight the need for regulatory clarity and safety considerations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific studies on probiotics.
  • Analysis of current regulatory guidelines and issues.
  • Discussion of efficacy and safety data.

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Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
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Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage

Published on: January 27, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods
08:38

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods

Published on: September 10, 2016

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
10:36

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage

Published on: January 27, 2019

Main Results:

  • Some probiotics have established health indications in the U.S.
  • Many probiotic uses are not supported by scientific evidence.
  • Regulatory issues surrounding probiotics are unclear and prone to misinterpretation.

Conclusions:

  • There is a need to clarify regulatory pathways for probiotics.
  • Safety and proven efficacy are paramount for appropriate probiotic application.
  • Further research and clear guidelines are essential for responsible probiotic use.