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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
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¹H NMR: Pople Notation

The Pople nomenclature system classifies spin systems based on the difference between their chemical shifts. Coupled spins are denoted by capital letters with subscripts indicating the number of equivalent nuclei. When the coupled nuclei have well-separated chemical shifts, they are assigned letters that are far apart in the alphabet, such as A and X. When the difference in chemical shifts is small, coupled nuclei are named using adjacent letters of the alphabet (AB, MN, or XY).
A proton...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Pippard relations applied to the lambda-phase transition in NH4Br.

H Yurtseven1, A Yanik, S Sen

  • 1Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey. hamit@metu.edu.tr

Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
|January 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals a linear relationship between specific heat and frequency shifts near the lambda-phase transition in ammonium bromide (NH4Br). Spectroscopic measurements confirm this link, showing thermodynamic data can be derived from frequency shifts.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Thermodynamics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • The lambda-phase transition in ammonium bromide (NH4Br) is a critical phenomenon studied for its thermodynamic properties.
  • Understanding the relationship between thermal properties and spectroscopic data near phase transitions is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a linear variation between specific heat and frequency shifts near the lambda-phase transition in NH4Br.
  • To verify spectroscopically modified Pippard relations using experimental data.
  • To demonstrate the utility of spectroscopic measurements for obtaining thermodynamic data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Raman spectroscopy to observe lattice mode (nu7) and internal mode (nu2) frequencies in NH4Br.
  • Analyzing the frequency shifts with respect to temperature at constant pressure.
  • Applying modified Pippard relations to correlate spectroscopic data with thermodynamic properties.

Main Results:

  • A linear relationship was established between specific heat C(P) and the relative temperature-induced frequency shifts ((1/nu)(partial differential nu/partial differential T)P) near the lambda-phase transition (Tlambda = 234 K).
  • Observed Raman frequencies for nu7 (56 cm(-1)) and nu2 (1684 cm(-1)) in NH4Br were used to verify the modified Pippard relations.
  • The findings indicate that thermodynamic data can be successfully extracted from measured spectroscopic frequencies.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully demonstrates a linear correlation between specific heat and spectroscopic frequency shifts near the lambda-phase transition in NH4Br.
  • The modified Pippard relations provide a valid framework for linking thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties.
  • Spectroscopic techniques offer a viable method for determining thermodynamic data in crystalline systems.