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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
08:34

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis

Published on: June 3, 2016

Obesity: the hormonal milieu.

Anne Lenz1, Frank B Diamond

  • 1University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|January 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obesity is a growing global health crisis. Understanding the complex hormonal regulation of appetite and metabolism is key to developing effective weight management strategies.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Published on: June 3, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Obesity epidemic affects global health and economies.
  • NHANES data show rising overweight and obesity rates in US children and adults.
  • Significant increase in obesity prevalence over a short period.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neurohormonal control of appetite, body composition, and glucose homeostasis.
  • To understand the hormonal milieu in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and impaired glucose tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neurohormonal pathways involved in appetite regulation.
  • Analysis of hormonal signals converging at the vagus nerve, brainstem, and hypothalamus.
  • Examination of neurotransmitters and central appetite-regulating peptides.

Main Results:

  • Neurohormonal control involves hormones from adipose tissue, endocrine glands, and enteroendocrine cells.
  • Hormonal signals regulate body weight within a narrow range, influenced by diet and lifestyle.
  • Clinical manifestations of obesity reflect biochemical alterations in the hormonal milieu.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating hormonal perturbations in obesity has led to new pharmacologic treatments.
  • Treatments aim to improve weight management and address metabolic sequelae of obesity.
  • The complexity and redundancy of hormonal interactions suggest monopharmaceutical approaches may be insufficient.