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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices
04:35

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Published on: July 28, 2023

Vortex streets in a cavity with higher-order standing waves.

J T Malos, R Dykstra, M Vaupel

    Optics Letters
    |July 15, 1997
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers have generalized optical vortex generation to higher-order standing waves in lasers. This study reveals phenomena like single vortex creation/disappearance and vortex-pair dynamics in laser light.

    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear optics
    • Laser physics
    • Fluid dynamics analogy

    Background:

    • Vortex generation in fluid dynamics is a well-known phenomenon.
    • A recent study demonstrated a laser analog of vortex generation using tilted waves.
    • Previous work focused on basic vortex generation mechanisms in lasers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To generalize the laser analog of vortex generation to higher-order standing waves.
    • To investigate the dynamics of optical vortices in more complex laser wave structures.
    • To observe characteristic vortex behaviors in a generalized laser system.

    Main Methods:

    • Simultaneous excitation of tilted waves with different transverse structures in a laser.
    • Utilizing higher-order standing waves within the laser cavity.

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  • Observing and analyzing the behavior of optical vortices using imaging techniques.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully generalized optical vortex generation to higher-order standing waves.
    • Observed the excitation and disappearance of single optical vortices from dark lines and areas.
    • Demonstrated vortex-pair creation and annihilation phenomena in the laser system.

    Conclusions:

    • Higher-order standing waves in lasers support complex optical vortex dynamics.
    • The generalized phenomenon provides a richer platform for studying optical vortices.
    • This work extends the analogy between fluid and optical vortex generation.