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Related Concept Videos

The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus. This structural continuity integrates nuclear and cytoplasmic processes and facilitates efficient intracellular transport. This allows mRNA to move directly from the nucleus to ribosomes for efficient protein synthesis. As a result, the ER serves as a central site for the synthesis, processing, and distribution of...
Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER

Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
A large chunk of any biological membrane is composed of phospholipids. These lipids have a heterogeneous distribution across different subcellular organelles and even between...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

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Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Shaping the endoplasmic reticulum into the nuclear envelope.

Daniel J Anderson1, Martin W Hetzer

  • 1Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Journal of Cell Science
|January 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The nuclear envelope (NE) reforms using endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Chromatin guides ER tubules to form new NE sheets, challenging prior vesicle fusion models for nuclear assembly.

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Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells
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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

Published on: December 17, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The nuclear envelope (NE) is a vital double membrane in eukaryotic cells, regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport and organizing nuclear components.
  • During mitosis in metazoan cells, the NE disassembles and must reassemble around segregated chromosomes to form daughter nuclei.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the membrane source and assembly mechanism of the nuclear envelope during the reformation of daughter nuclei after mitosis.
  • To challenge existing models of nuclear envelope formation and propose a new mechanism involving the endoplasmic reticulum and chromatin.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized intact cell observations and cell-free nuclear assembly systems to study NE formation.
  • Investigated the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane tubules and DNA-binding proteins in targeting and reorganization.

Main Results:

  • Recent findings indicate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as the membrane source for nuclear envelope assembly.
  • ER membrane tubules are directed to chromatin, where specific DNA-binding proteins reorganize them into flat nuclear membrane sheets.
  • This process suggests a chromatin-mediated reshaping of the ER, rather than solely vesicle fusion.

Conclusions:

  • The nuclear envelope is assembled through the chromatin-mediated reshaping of the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • This mechanism contrasts with previous models emphasizing vesicle fusion as the primary mode of NE formation.
  • The findings provide new insights into the dynamic process of nuclear envelope reformation in dividing cells.