Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
Errors can be classified by source, magnitude, and sign. There are three types of errors: systematic, random, and gross.
Systematic or...

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a fundamental statistical tool that begins with the assumption that the null hypothesis H0 is true. During this process, two types of errors can occur: Type I and Type II. A Type I error refers to the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis, while a Type II error involves the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.
In hypothesis testing, the probability of making a Type I error, denoted as α, is commonly set at 0.05. This significance level indicates a 5% chance...

Behavior Modification

Behavior Modification

Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Associations between objective sleep duration, sleep duration variability, and sleep onset with emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in adolescents: findings from the ABCD<sup>®</sup> study.

Npj mental health research·2026

Same author

Racialized Heteroscedasticity in Neuroimaging Features, Behavior Measures, and Neuroimaging-Based Predictive Models.

Research square·2026

Same author

Understanding adverse childhood experiences within the first decade of the ABCD study: A systematic review.

Developmental cognitive neuroscience·2026

Same author

Prenatal Substance Exposure and Birth Weight: Findings From the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study.

Pediatrics·2026

Same author

Attention problems and cortical maturation in a large longitudinal sample of youths: The importance of accounting for sex differences.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same author

Model-based analysis of stop-signal data reveals robust neural and clinical correlates of evidence accumulation but not inhibition.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Avoiding another mistake: error and posterror neural activity associated with adaptive posterror behavior change.

Robert Hester¹, Natalie Barre, Jason B Mattingley

¹Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. r.hester@uq.edu.au

Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience

|January 15, 2008

Summary

Brain activity in the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) after errors, not during, predicts improved performance. This suggests cognitive control flexibility adapts to sustained error-related neural activity.

More Related Videos

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroimaging
Human Brain Activity

Background:

Posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) activity during errors is linked to immediate behavioral adjustments.
Previous research suggests error commission activity, not post-error activity, is key for adaptive behavior.
The role of sustained neural activity following errors in long-term performance improvements remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between neural activity during and after error commission and sustained post-error behavioral changes.
To identify brain regions associated with adaptive performance improvements occurring several trials after an error.
To explore how task demands influence the detection of neural correlates of cognitive control.

Main Methods:

Participants performed a go/no-go task with infrequent lure trials requiring response inhibition.
A dynamic condition manipulated post-error intervals, linking errors to subsequent lure trial frequency.
Neural activity was measured using functional neuroimaging, correlated with behavioral measures of post-error slowing and accuracy.

Main Results:

Behavioral data showed increased post-error slowing, accuracy, and fewer consecutive errors in the dynamic condition.
Bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and pMFC activity during the post-error period, not error commission, correlated with enhanced post-error slowing.
Activity in the right PFC and pMFC predicted successful performance on the subsequent lure trial.

Conclusions:

Neural activity in the pMFC/PFC during the post-error period, rather than during error commission, is associated with sustained adaptive behavioral changes.
These findings highlight the importance of post-error neural processing for cognitive flexibility and performance optimization.
Task-specific requirements may explain discrepancies with prior studies, emphasizing the dynamic nature of cognitive control mechanisms.