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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
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Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Getting closer to physiologic insulin secretion.

Tim Heise1

  • 1Profil Institute for Metabolic Research, Neuss, Germany. tim.heise@profil-research.de

Clinical Therapeutics
|May 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rapid-acting insulin analogues offer improved postprandial glucose control for diabetes mellitus (DM) patients compared to conventional insulin. These modern insulins provide a faster onset and shorter duration, mimicking natural insulin release more closely.

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Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate
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Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Diabetes Mellitus (DM) management aims to replicate physiological insulin profiles.
  • Insulin replacement therapy is crucial for maintaining glycemic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy of rapid-acting insulin analogues in mimicking physiological postprandial insulin responses.
  • To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of rapid-acting insulin analogues with conventional human insulin.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review based on a symposium presentation.
  • Analysis of studies on insulin pharmacokinetics and glycemic control.

Main Results:

  • Rapid-acting insulin analogues demonstrate a faster onset and shorter duration of action than soluble human insulin.
  • These analogues lead to improved postprandial glycemic control in patients with type 1 and type 2 DM.
  • Benefits observed in euglycemic clamp studies and specific patient populations including those with diabetic nephropathy, gestational DM, and elderly patients.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid-acting insulin analogues offer a more physiological mealtime insulin profile.
  • Their clinical utility is expanding in special patient groups and daily practice.