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Regulation of Food Intake

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Published on: April 28, 2016

Structure and function of ghrelin.

Masayasu Kojima¹, Kenji Kangawa

¹Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Hyakunenkouen 1-1, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan. mkojima@lsi.kurume-u.ac.jp

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation

|January 15, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ghrelin, a stomach-derived hormone, stimulates growth hormone (GH) release and appetite. This hormone plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis and may have clinical applications for various conditions.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

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Published on: April 28, 2016

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

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Published on: February 26, 2019

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Neuroscience
Physiology

Background:

The growth-hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) is a key regulator of growth hormone release.
Understanding the endogenous ligand for GHS-R is crucial for deciphering hormonal regulation of growth and metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize the endogenous ligand for the GHS-R.
To elucidate the physiological roles of this newly discovered hormone in growth and appetite regulation.

Main Methods:

Purification of the endogenous ligand from stomach tissue.
Characterization of the ligand's biological activities, including growth hormone releasing and appetite-stimulating effects.

Main Results:

The endogenous ligand for GHS-R was purified and named "ghrelin".
Ghrelin demonstrates potent growth hormone (GH) releasing activity.
Ghrelin stimulates appetite by acting on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, indicating an orexigenic role.

Conclusions:

Ghrelin is an important peripheral signal of hunger, secreted from the stomach during fasting.
Ghrelin plays vital roles in maintaining GH release and energy homeostasis in vertebrates.
The diverse functions of ghrelin suggest potential clinical applications for conditions such as GH deficiency, eating disorders, and aging.