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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Flankers facilitate 3-year-olds' performance in a card-sorting task.

Patricia L Jordan1, J Bruce Morton

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 361 Windermere Road, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. pwall@uwo.ca

Developmental Psychology
|January 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Preschoolers

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Psychology

Background:

  • Three-year-old children exhibit rule-use inflexibility in card-sorting tasks.
  • This inflexibility is often attributed to limitations in higher-order rule use, object redescription, or attention shifting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cognitive conflict in preschoolers' task-switching inflexibility.
  • To determine if external cues can mitigate this inflexibility without altering underlying cognitive demands.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using card-sorting tasks with 3-year-old children.
  • Congruent flankers, aligned with the new rule, were introduced to facilitate rule switching.

Main Results:

  • Congruent flankers significantly improved 3-year-olds' ability to switch to the new rule.
  • This facilitation occurred independently of changes in higher-order rule use, object redescription, or attention shifting requirements.

Conclusions:

  • Preschoolers' inflexibility in task switching is partly related to the cognitive conflict encountered post-switch.
  • External cues, like congruent flankers, can reduce conflict and improve rule-switching performance in young children.

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