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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Novel autoantigens in autoimmune hypophysitis.

Isabella Lupi1, Karl W Broman, Shey-Cherng Tzou

  • 1Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Clinical Endocrinology
|January 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified two novel pituitary autoantigens, chromosome 14 open reading frame 166 (C14orf166) and chorionic somatomammotrophin, in autoimmune hypophysitis cases. These findings may improve diagnostic accuracy for pituitary autoimmunity.

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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Pituitary autoantibodies are markers of pituitary autoimmunity but lack clinical utility due to unknown autoantigens and inadequate detection methods.
  • Current diagnostic methods for autoimmune hypophysitis lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel pituitary autoantigens using proteomic assays with patient sera.
  • To compare the diagnostic accuracy of immunoblotting and immunofluorescence for autoimmune hypophysitis.

Main Methods:

  • Sera from 28 autoimmune hypophysitis cases and 98 controls were tested against pituitary proteins using 1D gel electrophoresis.
  • 2D gel immunoblotting and mass spectrometry were employed to identify protein spots recognized by hypophysitis sera.
  • Immunofluorescence was used to assess antibody recognition of pituitary sections.

Main Results:

  • A 25-27 kDa protein region was significantly recognized by hypophysitis sera compared to controls.
  • Two novel candidate autoantigens, C14orf166 and chorionic somatomammotrophin, were identified in this region.
  • Immunoblotting showed improved sensitivity (64%) and specificity (86%) over immunofluorescence (57%/76%) for diagnosing hypophysitis, though still insufficient for clinical use.

Conclusions:

  • Two novel proteins, C14orf166 and chorionic somatomammotrophin, are identified as potential autoantigens in autoimmune hypophysitis.
  • Further research is required to validate the pathogenic role and diagnostic value of these novel autoantigens.