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Related Concept Videos

Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

Graphical representation of prism coupling into thin films.

A Feldman1

  • 1National Bureau of Standards, Inorganic Materials Division, Washington, DC 20234, USA.

Applied Optics
|August 1, 1983
PubMed
Summary

A new geometrical construction uses an ellipse to evaluate prism-coupler performance. This method defines the useful operating range by analyzing the ellipse within specific thin-film mode propagation conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Prism couplers are essential components in integrated optics for coupling light into thin films.
  • Evaluating prism-coupler performance traditionally involves complex calculations for various incidence angles.
  • A need exists for a more intuitive and geometrically grounded framework to assess coupler efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel geometrical framework for evaluating prism-coupler performance.
  • To represent the refraction through a prism using an elliptical construction.
  • To define the operational range of prism couplers based on thin-film waveguide characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a geometrical construction representing prism refraction as an ellipse.
  • Defined a 'window' based on mode propagation conditions of a thin-film-substrate system.

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  • Mapped the portion of the representational ellipse within this window to determine the useful operating range.

    • Main Results:

    • The geometrical construction provides a natural framework for prism-coupler analysis.
    • The ellipse effectively models refraction for arbitrary angles of incidence.
    • The intersection of the ellipse and the operational window quantifies the useful coupling range.

    Conclusions:

    • The elliptical geometrical construction offers a simplified and insightful method for prism-coupler performance evaluation.
    • This framework facilitates a better understanding of the interplay between prism geometry and thin-film waveguide modes.
    • The approach aids in optimizing prism coupler design for specific applications in integrated optics.