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Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Published on: March 30, 2018

CNS T-cell lymphoma: an under-recognized entity?

Mohanpal Singh Dulai¹, Christopher Y Park, William D Howell

¹Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Room R-241, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. mdulai@stanford.edu

Acta Neuropathologica

|January 16, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing T-cell lymphoma in the brain is challenging due to overlapping features with reactive infiltrates. T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies are crucial for accurate identification of central nervous system T-cell lymphoma.

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Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Published on: March 30, 2018

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells

Published on: October 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuropathology
Oncology
Immunology

Background:

Primary central nervous system (CNS) T-cell lymphoma is rare, comprising less than 4% of primary CNS lymphomas.
T-cell lymphomas are under-recognized in the CNS compared to systemic T-cell lymphomas.
Increasing incidence of CNS lymphoma in elderly and immunocompromised populations.

Observation:

Studied brain biopsies from three patients with CNS T-cell lymphoma and three with reactive lymphoid infiltrates.
Clinical and radiographic findings were indistinguishable between lymphoma and reactive groups.
Cytomorphologic heterogeneity was observed in both groups, with small, mature lymphocytes in two lymphoma cases.

Findings:

Surface marker aberrancies and proliferation index were not reliable for diagnosing CNS T-cell lymphoma.
Clonality studies for T-cell receptor-gamma gene rearrangements were key in diagnosing five of six cases.
Significant overlap in cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic features between T-cell lymphoma and reactive infiltrates.

Implications:

CNS T-cell lymphoma may be underdiagnosed due to overlapping features with reactive infiltrates.
T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies are essential for diagnosing CNS lesions with polymorphous, predominantly T-cell infiltrates.
Highlights the need for specific diagnostic tools beyond morphology and standard immunophenotyping for CNS T-cell lymphoma.