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Related Concept Videos

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations
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An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations

Published on: April 21, 2023

On the relation between promoter divergence and gene expression evolution.

Itay Tirosh1, Adina Weinberger, Dana Bezalel

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Molecular Systems Biology
|January 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most changes in transcription factor binding sites between species do not affect gene expression, due to compensatory mechanisms. However, in yeast mating, STE12 binding site variations explain half of expression differences, with flanking sequences and chromatin structure playing roles.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Significant differences exist in cis-regulatory sequences across related organisms.
  • The functional impact of these cis-regulatory sequence differences on gene expression is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of cis-regulatory sequence variations on gene expression.
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying promoter evolution and gene expression stability.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of transcription factor (TF)-binding sequences in yeasts and mammals.
  • Examination of gene expression during yeast mating across three species.
  • Correlation analysis between sequence variations, TF binding sites, flanking sequences, and chromatin structure.

Main Results:

  • Most identified TF-binding sequence differences between yeasts and mammals show no detectable impact on gene expression.
  • Variations in STE12 binding sites explain approximately 50% of gene expression differences during yeast mating.
  • Unexplained expression differences correlate with divergence in sequences flanking binding sites and chromatin structure modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Promoters exhibit flexibility, allowing rapid evolution while maintaining stable expression patterns through compensatory mechanisms.
  • Both specific TF binding sites and broader chromatin structure interplay to control gene expression.