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Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

Published on: July 22, 2016

Non-coding RNAs regulating the transcriptional machinery.

Charlotte Barrandon¹, Béatrice Spiluttini, Olivier Bensaude

¹CNRS UMR 8541, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, Cedex 05, France.

Biology of the Cell

|January 18, 2008

Summary

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate transcription by directly interacting with key machinery. This review highlights examples like 6S RNA, B2 RNA, 7SK RNA, and Xist RNA in transcriptional and epigenetic control.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators in gene expression.
Understanding the mechanisms by which ncRNAs control transcription is vital for deciphering cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review examples of ncRNAs that directly interact with and regulate the transcription machinery.
To highlight diverse roles of ncRNAs in transcriptional and epigenetic regulation.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on ncRNAs targeting transcription.
Analysis of studies involving RNA aptamers against transcriptional machinery.
Examination of specific ncRNAs like 6S RNA, B2 RNA, 7SK RNA, U1 snRNA, SRA RNA, Xist RNA, and roX RNAs.

Main Results:

Artificial RNA aptamers have been developed to target transcriptional machinery components.
Bacterial 6S RNA and eukaryotic B2 RNA directly bind and regulate RNA polymerases.
7SK RNA, U1 snRNA, and SRA RNA modulate transcription factor activity.
Xist and roX RNAs are implicated in epigenetic regulation via histone modification recruitment.

Conclusions:

ncRNAs play diverse and direct roles in regulating transcription initiation and elongation.
Specific ncRNAs target different components of the transcription machinery, including RNA polymerase and transcription factors.
ncRNAs are involved in both direct transcriptional control and epigenetic modifications influencing gene expression.