Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Respiration and Gaseous Exchange01:20

Respiration and Gaseous Exchange

The intricate interplay between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is crucial for efficiently transporting respiratory gases throughout the body. Let us explore the cardiovascular system's multifaceted functions, emphasizing its pivotal role in gas exchange.
Respiration involves the exchange of gases, especially oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the alveoli and body cells, a process facilitated by blood circulation. As a result, the cardiovascular system, which involves the...
Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood01:19

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Defining and quantifying oxygen delivery potency of blood products.

Blood. Red cells & iron·2026
Same author

Hemopexin Purification From Human Cohn Fraction IV Paste and Its Biophysical Characterization and Functional Evaluation in Sickle Cell Disease Mice.

Biotechnology and bioengineering·2026
Same author

Sickle cell disease-associated pulmonary hypertension: an integrated framework linking pathologies, mechanisms, and clinical phenotypes.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same author

Iron, arginine, and redox metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells distinguishes sickle cell disease and pulmonary hypertension.

HemaSphere·2026
Same author

Sickle cell vaso-occlusive episodes correlate with the magnetic heterogeneity of red blood cells.

Blood advances·2026
Same author

Evaluation of stored whole blood cellular components treated with bactericidal peptides at a higher concentration than required to assess the peptide compatibility with product quality.

Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry
08:23

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry

Published on: November 5, 2019

All hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers are not created equally.

Paul W Buehler1, Abdu I Alayash

  • 1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology (LBVB), Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Maryland 20892, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|January 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), or blood substitutes, face challenges like vasoactivity and oxidative stress. Designing safer HBOCs requires understanding their interactions with the body and optimizing modifications for efficacy.

More Related Videos

Exploring Alternative Perfusion Solutions Using Next-Generation Polymerized Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in a Model of Rat Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion
09:47

Exploring Alternative Perfusion Solutions Using Next-Generation Polymerized Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in a Model of Rat Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion

Published on: June 14, 2024

Synthesis, Hemoglobin Encapsulation and Biorthogonal PEGylation in Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery Applications
09:24

Synthesis, Hemoglobin Encapsulation and Biorthogonal PEGylation in Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery Applications

Published on: May 8, 2026

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry
08:23

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry

Published on: November 5, 2019

Exploring Alternative Perfusion Solutions Using Next-Generation Polymerized Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in a Model of Rat Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion
09:47

Exploring Alternative Perfusion Solutions Using Next-Generation Polymerized Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in a Model of Rat Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion

Published on: June 14, 2024

Synthesis, Hemoglobin Encapsulation and Biorthogonal PEGylation in Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery Applications
09:24

Synthesis, Hemoglobin Encapsulation and Biorthogonal PEGylation in Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery Applications

Published on: May 8, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Hematology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are developed as blood substitutes.
  • Cell-free hemoglobin can cause adverse effects like scavenging nitric oxide and oxidative stress.
  • Chemical modifications to HBOCs alter their properties and interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the safety and efficacy of HBOCs.
  • To understand how HBOC modifications affect their interactions with biological systems.
  • To guide the design of improved HBOCs.

Main Methods:

  • Studied oxygen and oxidative reactions of normal and cross-linked Hbs.
  • Examined interactions between HBOCs and plasma proteins (haptoglobin).
  • Investigated HBOC interactions with cellular receptors (macrophage CD163).

Main Results:

  • Oxygen and oxidative reactions of Hbs differ significantly based on modifications.
  • Interactions with haptoglobin and CD163 vary for different HBOCs.
  • Cross-linking affects HBOC interactions with clearance mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • HBOC safety and efficacy depend on modifications that limit hypertension and oxidative stress.
  • Understanding interactions with endogenous removal mechanisms is crucial for optimizing HBOC exposure.
  • Tailored HBOC design can improve therapeutic outcomes.