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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...

Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

The MUB40 Peptide for Use in Detecting Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation Events

The MUB₄₀ Peptide for Use in Detecting Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation Events

Published on: January 7, 2019

Human neutrophil alloantigens.

¹Blood Service West of the German Red Cross, Feithstrasse 182, 58097 Hagen, Germany. j.bux@bsdwest.de

|January 23, 2008

Summary

Human neutrophil alloantigens (HNA) are crucial in various clinical conditions. Reliable HNA typing and antibody detection are now possible, improving diagnosis and prevention of neutrophil-related issues.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Hematology

Background:

Neutrophil antigens play a role in neonatal immune neutropenia, transfusion reactions, and transplant-related complications.
The human neutrophil alloantigen (HNA) system categorizes these critical antigens.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the currently listed alloantigens within the HNA system.
To summarize the clinical significance and characterization of HNA antigens.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive review of existing scientific literature.
Analysis of data from international granulocyte immunology workshops.

Main Results:

Seven HNA antigens are classified into five groups, with six fully characterized biochemically and molecularly.

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Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Published on: June 19, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

The MUB40 Peptide for Use in Detecting Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation Events

The MUB₄₀ Peptide for Use in Detecting Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation Events

Published on: January 7, 2019

Rapid Magnetic-microbead Method for Efficient Purification of Low-density Neutrophils

Rapid Magnetic-microbead Method for Efficient Purification of Low-density Neutrophils

Published on: November 11, 2025

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Published on: June 19, 2015

HNA antigens are implicated in neonatal immune neutropenia, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and other immune-mediated conditions.

Granulocyte agglutination, immunofluorescence tests, and typed cell panels are effective detection methods.

Conclusions:

Most HNA antigens are well-characterized, enabling reliable HNA typing and antibody detection.
Improved diagnostics for neutrophil antibody-mediated conditions and prevention of transfusion-related acute lung injury are anticipated.