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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol for Stroke Onset Time Estimation in Permanent Cerebral Ischemia
09:59

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol for Stroke Onset Time Estimation in Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Published on: September 16, 2017

Cryptogenic stroke: time to determine aetiology.

F Guercini1, M Acciarresi, G Agnelli

  • 1Stroke Unit and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. fguercini@libero.it

Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : JTH
|January 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryptogenic strokes, often unexplained, are not benign and carry higher recurrence risks. Identifying stroke causes, like patent foramen ovale, is crucial for prevention, especially in younger patients.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol for Stroke Onset Time Estimation in Permanent Cerebral Ischemia
09:59

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol for Stroke Onset Time Estimation in Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Published on: September 16, 2017

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Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
09:21

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Published on: January 18, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Cryptogenic strokes account for 30-40% of all strokes.
  • Previously considered benign, recent studies indicate higher recurrence and adverse outcomes.
  • Determining stroke aetiology is vital for preventing recurrence, particularly in young individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review new evidence on the causes of cryptogenic stroke.
  • To focus on patent foramen ovale and aortic arch atheroma as potential causes.
  • To highlight the importance of etiological diagnosis in stroke management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on cryptogenic stroke.
  • Analysis of etiological factors including patent foramen ovale and aortic arch atheroma.
  • Focus on diagnostic challenges and implications for patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Cryptogenic stroke is associated with increased long-term adverse outcomes and recurrence rates.
  • Patent foramen ovale and aortic arch atheroma are significant etiological considerations.
  • Incomplete diagnostic work-up can lead to undetermined stroke causes.

Conclusions:

  • Re-evaluation of cryptogenic stroke as a non-benign condition is necessary.
  • Thorough etiological investigation is essential for effective stroke prevention strategies.
  • Identifying specific causes like PFO and atheroma improves risk stratification and treatment.