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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
07:28

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

Published on: July 24, 2012

Side impact causes multiplanar cervical spine injuries.

Travis G Maak1, Paul C Ivancic, Yasuhiro Tominaga

  • 1Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8071, USA.

The Journal of Trauma
|January 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Side impacts can cause cervical spine soft tissue injuries. The injury threshold acceleration for side impact was determined to be 6.5 g, leading to multiplanar injuries in the lower cervical spine.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

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A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing Contusive Spinal Cord Injury
09:24

A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: January 5, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Injury Biomechanics
  • Spinal Injury

Background:

  • Side impact trauma can lead to neck and upper extremity pain, paresthesias, and reduced neck mobility.
  • Previous research has not quantified cervical spine mechanical instability or injury threshold acceleration from side impacts.
  • This study aimed to quantify cervical spine soft tissue injury and the injury threshold acceleration for side impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and quantify cervical spine soft tissue injury due to side impact.
  • To determine the injury threshold acceleration for side impact.
  • To compare side impact findings with previous head-forward rear impact data.

Main Methods:

  • Six human cervical spine specimens (C0-T1) were subjected to side impacts of 3.5, 5, 6.5, and 8 g.
  • Pre- and postimpact flexibility tests were conducted to assess intervertebral motion.
  • Soft tissue injury was defined as a significant increase in intervertebral flexibility post-impact compared to baseline.

Main Results:

  • The injury threshold acceleration for side impact was identified as 6.5 g.
  • Injuries occurred at C4-C5 through C7-T1, involving flexion, axial rotation, or left lateral bending.
  • Higher impact (8 g) resulted in three-plane injuries at C4-C5 and C6-C7, and two-plane injuries at other levels.

Conclusions:

  • Side impacts induce multiplanar injuries across the C3-C4 to C7-T1 spinal segments.
  • The C6-C7 segment sustained significantly greater injury compared to head-forward rear impact.
  • These findings establish critical thresholds for side impact injury in the cervical spine.