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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
09:53

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

Endodermal cyst of the cranio-cervical junction.

S Ohba1, T Akiyama, R Kanai

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. shigeo.ohba@gmail.com

Acta Neurochirurgica
|January 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Endodermal cysts at the craniocervical junction are rare tumors. Surgical excision is effective, but recurrence is possible in some patients.

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Endodermal cysts are rare congenital lesions that can occur in the craniocervical junction.
  • These cysts can cause significant neurological deficits due to their location.

Observation:

  • A review of 36 patients with craniocervical junction endodermal cysts was conducted.
  • Common symptoms included headache, motor weakness, and neck pain.
  • Radiographic findings varied based on cyst content, with minimal enhancement after gadolinium administration.

Findings:

  • Histological examination revealed cysts lined by a single layer of epithelium.
  • Immunohistochemical studies showed reactivity to periodic acid Schiff stain, epithelial membrane antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen, but not glial fibrillary acidic protein.
  • Surgical approaches included suboccipital and trans-oral routes, with total or gross total resection achieved in 17 patients and subtotal resection in 16.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Implications:

  • Surgical management aims for complete tumor removal to prevent recurrence.
  • Despite successful resection in most cases, three patients experienced cyst recurrence, highlighting the need for long-term follow-up.