Three dimensional computerized microtomography in the analysis of sculpture

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Art Conservation Science
• Imaging Technology

Background:

• Art objects, such as plaster and marble sculptures, often contain internal structures and defects that are not visible externally.
• Traditional non-destructive testing (NDT) methods may have limitations in providing detailed internal information for complex objects.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate the effectiveness of a new three dimensional computerized microtomography (3D-microCT) system for examining plaster statues.
• To explore the application of 3D-microCT in art conservation and art-historical analysis.
• To investigate the detection of defects in Carrara marble sculpture using 3D-microCT.

Main Methods:

• Utilized a new flat panel detector computerized tomography (CT) system at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) with extended energy range (330 and 225 kV), micrometer focal spot size, micrometer resolution, and enlarged object size (up to 70 cm diameter).
• Applied 3D-microCT to examine plaster statues, visualizing internal structures, voids, cracks, armoring, sculptural reworking, and restorative interventions.
• Correlated 3D-microCT results with ultrasound tomography for verification of defect detection in marble sculpture.

Main Results:

• The 3D-microCT system provided high spatial and density resolution, enabling detailed insights into the construction and condition of plaster statues.
• CT analysis revealed relative chronologies within series of cast artworks, supporting art-historical appraisal.
• Internal structures, voids, cracks, and restorative interventions were virtually reconstructed.
• Microcracks, fractures, and material flaws in Carrara marble were visualized with spatial resolution down to 10 micrometers.

Conclusions:

• 3D-microCT is a valuable tool for art conservation, providing detailed internal views of sculptures.
• The technology aids in art-historical appraisal by revealing construction techniques and chronologies.
• 3D-microCT effectively detects micro-defects in marble, complementing other NDT methods.