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Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction in duplex kidneys.

Maya Horst¹, Grahame H H Smith

¹Urology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia.

BJU International

|January 26, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) in duplex kidneys is uncommon. This study found upper-pole obstruction in duplex kidneys to be more frequent than previously documented.

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Published on: December 20, 2014

Area of Science:

Pediatric Urology
Nephrology
Congenital Abnormalities

Background:

Duplex kidneys are a common congenital anomaly.
Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) can occur in either moiety of a duplex system.
Upper-pole obstruction in a duplex kidney is considered rare.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the experience with 11 children who had PUJO in a duplex kidney.
To review existing literature on this condition.

Main Methods:

A retrospective review of 11 pediatric cases with PUJO in a duplex kidney from 1995 to 2005.
Diagnostic workup included ultrasonography, scintigraphy, micturating cystography, cystoscopy, and retrograde pyelography.
Surgical interventions comprised pyeloplasty, heminephrectomy, and pyelo-ureterostomy.

Main Results:

Eleven children with PUJO in a duplex kidney were identified.
Obstruction affected the upper pole in 3 children and the lower pole in 8 children.
Both complete and incomplete duplicated systems presented with upper and lower pole obstructions.

Conclusions:

Upper-pole obstruction in a duplex kidney, while rare, may be more prevalent than previously reported.
This finding highlights the importance of considering upper-pole obstruction in the diagnostic workup of PUJO in duplex systems.