Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Solution Formation

Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective solubility...

Rationalizing Substitutions

Rationalizing Substitutions

Integrals involving non-rational functions are often difficult to evaluate using standard techniques, especially when radicals appear in the integrand. Rationalizing substitution provides a systematic method for simplifying such integrals by converting them into rational forms that are easier to handle.Consider a rod whose linear mass density depends on a constant linear density, a characteristic length, and the distance from the left end of the rod. Determining the total mass requires...

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

When a nucleophile and an alkyl halide react, nucleophilic substitution and β-elimination reactions compete to generate products.
The following factors can influence the mechanisms competing against each other:

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning

Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning

Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning to train complex behaviors by rewarding successive approximations toward the target behavior. This method is necessary because organisms are unlikely to perform complex behaviors spontaneously. Instead, shaping breaks down the desired behavior into small, manageable steps.
The steps involved in shaping begin with reinforcing any response that resembles the desired behavior. For example, parents might praise a child for picking up one toy. As...

Statically Indeterminate Problem Solving

Statically Indeterminate Problem Solving

Statically indeterminate problems are those where statics alone can not determine the internal forces or reactions. Consider a structure comprising two cylindrical rods made of steel and brass. These rods are joined at point B and restrained by rigid supports at points A and C. Now, the reactions at points A and C and the deflection at point B are to be determined. This rod structure is classified as statically indeterminate as the structure has more supports than are necessary for maintaining...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Graphene oxide-modified Ni<sub>1.5</sub>Mg<sub>1.5</sub>Al<sub>1</sub>-LDH/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composites for efficient photocatalytic degradation toward ciprofloxacin.

Environmental research·2026

Same author

Watershed Fingerprints in Reservoir Sediments: Microeukaryotic Sedimentary DNA Tracks Decades of Anthropogenic Disturbance.

Molecular ecology·2026

Same author

Reclaim water from real leachates reverse osmosis concentrate by pervaporation.

Environmental science and pollution research international·2026

Same author

Enhanced proton conductivity in azole-functionalized three-dimensional crystalline covalent organic frameworks.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Research Progress of 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives in Pesticide Discovery.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026

Same author

Progress of organic small-molecules and ultra-small fluorescent nanoprobes for pesticide residue detection.

Food chemistry·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Published on: May 31, 2013

Rapid and automated substructure solution by Shake-and-Bake.

Hongliang Xu¹, Charles M Weeks

¹Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute and Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. xu@hwi.buffalo.edu

Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography

|January 26, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Shake-and-Bake procedure, implemented in the SnB program, has been optimized for rapid and automated heavy-atom substructure determination. New features ensure higher success rates and cost-effectiveness in crystal structure analysis.

More Related Videos

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

Published on: May 8, 2015

Cryo-Electron Microscopy Screening Automation Across Multiple Grids Using Smart Leginon

Cryo-Electron Microscopy Screening Automation Across Multiple Grids Using Smart Leginon

Published on: December 1, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Published on: May 31, 2013

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

Published on: May 8, 2015

Cryo-Electron Microscopy Screening Automation Across Multiple Grids Using Smart Leginon

Cryo-Electron Microscopy Screening Automation Across Multiple Grids Using Smart Leginon

Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Structural Biology
Biophysics

Background:

Direct methods are crucial for determining heavy-atom substructures.
The Shake-and-Bake procedure is a successful direct method for this purpose.
The SnB program implements Shake-and-Bake within the BnP package.

Purpose of the Study:

To optimize the SnB program for rapid and automated substructure determination.
To enhance the success rates and cost-effectiveness of heavy-atom substructure determination.
To improve the reliability of substructure solution detection.

Main Methods:

Upgraded SnB with a new statistical minimal function.
Implemented an optimal FFT grid size for improved computational efficiency.
Introduced a dynamic figure of merit for automatic solution detection.
Employed alternation of anomalous and isomorphous dispersive differences.

Main Results:

Achieved higher success rates in substructure determination.
Significantly improved cost-effectiveness through optimized FFT grid size.
Enabled automatic detection of substructure solutions.
Virtually guaranteed substructure solutions through difference data alternation.

Conclusions:

The optimized SnB program offers a robust and efficient solution for automated heavy-atom substructure determination.
Enhancements lead to increased success rates and computational efficiency.
The upgraded SnB program is a valuable tool for protein structure determination.