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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Recommendations for thyroxin therapy during pregnancy.

Venetsana Kyriazopoulou1, Marina Michalaki, Neoklis Georgopoulos

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Patras 26500, Greece. vkyriazopoulou@med.upatras.gr

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
|January 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy is common and often missed. This review provides guidelines for treating maternal hypothyroidism, emphasizing its impact on fetal development and suggesting thyroxin recommendations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is prevalent in women of childbearing age.
  • Normal pregnancy involves physiological thyroid changes that can mask dysfunction.
  • Maternal thyroid abnormalities pose risks to fetal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy.
  • To propose guidelines for managing overt and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant individuals.
  • To discuss complications of untreated hypothyroidism and recommendations for other thyroid conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on thyroid disease in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of studies on maternal hypothyroidism and its fetal impact.
  • Synthesis of current guidelines and expert opinions.

Main Results:

  • Subclinical hypothyroidism is frequent and requires careful management.
  • Untreated maternal hypothyroidism can lead to adverse fetal outcomes.
  • Thyroid hormone replacement is crucial for fetal brain development.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians must actively screen for thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women.
  • Standardized guidelines are needed for managing thyroid disease in pregnancy.
  • Appropriate thyroxin supplementation is vital for maternal and fetal well-being.