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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

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Related Experiment Videos

Mild carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy.

Francesco Corrado1, Rosario D'Anna, Antonino Di Benedetto

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Messina, Italy. francesco.corrado@unime.it

Current Diabetes Reviews
|January 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) diagnosis often requires multiple abnormal glucose values. However, even one abnormal value indicates a continuum with GDM, posing risks for mother and child.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) diagnosis is based on specific criteria for oral glucose tolerance tests.
  • The clinical significance of a single abnormal glucose value during pregnancy is not well-defined.
  • Existing research and clinical experience highlight a need to clarify the management of pregnancies with isolated glucose intolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature and personal experience regarding pregnancies with one abnormal glucose tolerance test value.
  • To investigate the prevalence, metabolic characteristics, and maternal-fetal outcomes associated with this condition.
  • To determine if pregnancies with one abnormal glucose value represent a distinct clinical entity or a spectrum of GDM.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of previous studies on gestational carbohydrate intolerance.
  • Analysis of personal clinical experience and patient data.
  • Evaluation of prevalence, metabolic findings, and materno-fetal outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Pregnancy-induced carbohydrate intolerance, even with only one abnormal glucose value, is suggested to be a continuum with GDM.
  • This condition is associated with an increased incidence of materno-fetal complications.
  • The findings support the clinical significance of isolated abnormal glucose values.

Conclusions:

  • Pregnancies with one abnormal oral glucose tolerance test value should be considered clinically significant.
  • This condition warrants diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment similar to established GDM.
  • Recognizing this continuum can lead to improved maternal and fetal outcomes.