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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity
10:10

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Autoimmunity and apoptosis--therapeutic implications.

Iran Rashedi1, Soumya Panigrahi, Peyman Ezzati

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and General Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|January 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The immune system defends against pathogens but risks autoimmunity when it attacks "self". Defects in programmed cell death pathways may lead to autoimmune diseases in susceptible individuals.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity
10:10

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages
06:47

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages

Published on: May 24, 2019

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • The immune system evolved to protect against foreign invaders but carries a risk of self-directed attacks (autoimmunity).
  • Maintaining self-tolerance and immune homeostasis is crucial and regulated during immune cell development.
  • Loss of self-tolerance leads to autoimmune diseases, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of programmed cell death in immune tolerance and autoimmunity.
  • To understand how defects in apoptotic pathways might contribute to autoimmune responses.

Main Methods:

  • This study reviews the current understanding of immune system regulation and autoimmunity.
  • Focuses on the mechanisms of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in immune cell selection and peripheral tolerance.

Main Results:

  • Autoimmunity arises from a breakdown in distinguishing self from non-self, leading to responses against autoantigens.
  • Activation of autoreactive T- and B- lymphocytes is central to autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • Programmed cell death is critical for immune system regulation, influencing immune cell selection and peripheral tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Defects in programmed cell death pathways can compromise immune tolerance.
  • Such defects may contribute to the development of autoimmune responses in genetically susceptible individuals.
  • Understanding these pathways is key to unraveling the complex etiology of autoimmune diseases.