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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to Detect Activated Caspase 3
08:20

Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to Detect Activated Caspase 3

Published on: December 20, 2013

Fish and apoptosis: molecules and pathways.

N M S dos Santos1, A do Vale, M I R Reis

  • 1Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal. nsantos@ibmc.up.pt

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|January 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fish possess conserved apoptosis pathways similar to mammals, making them valuable models for studying cell death and related human diseases. This research highlights their utility in advancing pharmaceutical design and aquaculture health.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to Detect Activated Caspase 3
08:20

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Published on: December 20, 2013

In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila
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12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Comparative Medicine

Background:

  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental biological process conserved across species.
  • While conserved in invertebrates and mammals, fish offer a unique vertebrate model bridging developmental and physiological gaps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review structural and functional data on key apoptosis regulators in fish.
  • To establish fish as advantageous models for studying vertebrate apoptosis and related human disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on apoptosis-related molecules (death-receptor, Bcl-2, caspase families) and mechanisms in fish.
  • Comparative analysis of fish apoptosis pathways with those in mammals, invertebrates, and humans.

Main Results:

  • Fish exhibit apoptotic pathways functionally and molecularly equivalent to mammals.
  • Key apoptosis-related gene families and mechanisms are conserved in fish.

Conclusions:

  • Fish are highly suitable animal models for investigating apoptosis.
  • Findings have significant implications for understanding human apoptosis-related diseases and pharmaceutical development.
  • Utilizing fish models can benefit aquaculture through improved health and disease management strategies.