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Related Concept Videos

Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.Surface AreaCells can take in nutrients and water via diffusion through the plasma membrane itself or through specific channels in the membrane. The area of the membrane surrounding the cells limits the...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...

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Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila
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Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila

Published on: October 1, 2011

Genome size scaling through phenotype space.

Charles A Knight1, Jeremy M Beaulieu

  • 1California Polytechnic State University, Department of Biological Sciences, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA. knight@calpoly.edu

Annals of Botany
|January 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome size strongly predicts cell size but has diminishing effects on larger traits like seed mass and plant height. This study explores genome size scaling across diverse plant species, revealing scale-dependent relationships.

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Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila
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Surgical Size Reduction of Zebrafish for the Study of Embryonic Pattern Scaling
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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Genome size variation influences phenotypic traits.
  • Previous studies showed genome size correlates with cell size, seed mass, and growth.
  • Limited research existed on diverse species sets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generalize the relationship between genome size and phenotype.
  • To examine eight phenotypic traits across diverse angiosperm and gymnosperm species.
  • To investigate scale-dependent effects of genome size on plant traits.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-species comparisons of diverse angiosperm and gymnosperm species.
  • Analysis of eight phenotypic traits: cell size, stomatal density, seed mass, leaf mass per unit area (LMA), wood density, photosynthetic rate, and maximum plant height.
  • Phylogenetic comparative methods incorporating species relationships.

Main Results:

  • Genome size strongly predicts cellular traits (guard cell length, epidermal cell area).
  • Stomatal density decreases with genome size, but photosynthesis is unaffected.
  • Predictive power of genome size diminishes at higher scales (LMA, seed mass), except for maximum plant height (trees have smaller genomes).
  • No relationship found between genome size and wood density.

Conclusions:

  • Genome size correlations are strong at the cellular level.
  • Nucleotypic consequences of genome size diminish at higher phenotypic scales.
  • Results may inform new mechanistic hypotheses on genome size scaling.