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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
04:34

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Published on: May 26, 2023

Sporadic paraganglioma.

James A Lee1, Quan-Yang Duh

  • 1Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA.

World Journal of Surgery
|January 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paragangliomas are rare neural crest tumors. Sympathetic paragangliomas, often familial and malignant, occur outside the adrenal gland and secrete catecholamines, similar to pheochromocytomas.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
04:34

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Paragangliomas are rare tumors originating from neural crest-derived chromaffin cells.
  • Parasympathetic paragangliomas, typically in the neck, rarely secrete catecholamines.
  • Sympathetic paragangliomas, often abdominal, secrete excess catecholamines and include pheochromocytomas (adrenal) and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between parasympathetic and sympathetic paragangliomas based on location and secretory function.
  • To highlight the genetic associations and malignant potential of sympathetic paragangliomas.
  • To outline the medical and surgical management principles for catecholamine-secreting paragangliomas.

Main Methods:

  • Review of tumor characteristics based on origin (parasympathetic vs. sympathetic ganglia).
  • Analysis of tumor location, catecholamine secretion, and genetic associations (SDHB, SDHD).
  • Comparison of surgical approaches for intra-adrenal (pheochromocytoma) and extra-adrenal paragangliomas.

Main Results:

  • Parasympathetic paragangliomas are primarily head and neck tumors with low catecholamine secretion.
  • Sympathetic paragangliomas, frequently familial and malignant, occur in the abdomen and secrete excess catecholamines.
  • Laparoscopic resection of abdominal paragangliomas is feasible but technically demanding.

Conclusions:

  • Paragangliomas are classified by origin, location, and secretory activity, impacting diagnosis and management.
  • Sympathetic paragangliomas, particularly familial forms with SDHB/SDHD mutations, carry a significant risk of malignancy.
  • Management of catecholamine-secreting paragangliomas mirrors pheochromocytoma treatment, with surgical resection being a key modality.