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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and 'exit' via the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

[Brain glucose sensing].

Luc Pénicaud1, Xavier Fioramonti, Anne Lorsignol

  • 1UMR 5241 UPS- CNRS, IFR 31, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4. penicaud@toulouse.inserm.f

Bulletin De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine
|January 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain nutrient sensing regulates energy homeostasis. Glucose sensing neurons and astrocytes work together, with mechanisms influenced by nutrient levels and hormones, adding complexity to physiological regulation.

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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo

Published on: April 6, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic regulation
  • Cellular physiology

Background:

  • Brain nutrient sensing is crucial for regulating energy homeostasis, including food intake and blood glucose.
  • Glucose sensing mechanisms in neurons share similarities with pancreatic beta cells.
  • Two types of glucose-sensing neurons exist: directly and inversely proportional to glucose concentration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex mechanisms of brain nutrient sensing, particularly glucose detection.
  • To investigate the roles of neurons and astrocytes in glucose sensing.
  • To understand how various factors modulate glucose sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on brain glucose sensing.
  • Analysis of neuronal and astrocytic responses to glucose variations.
  • Examination of modulatory effects of nutrients, hormones, and peptides.

Main Results:

  • Glucose sensing mechanisms depend on the amplitude of glucose concentration changes.
  • Astrocytes, in addition to neurons, may be involved in glucose detection.
  • Glucose sensing is modulated by fatty acids, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and NPY.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between neurons and astrocytes adds complexity to brain glucose sensing.
  • Discrepancies in glucose transporter and hexokinase expression may be explained by these subtle mechanisms.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the cellular and molecular basis of brain nutrient sensing.